What are the main types of access control systems?

Date: Dec-10-2024

Author: Kim Brown

Access control is a security strategy that regulates who can access a space or use a resource. Access control is one of the most popular security measures because it successfully minimizes risk in a physical and digital environment.  

    

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Access control systems range in price and complexity. A highly valuable company may install a $10,000 biometrics system that can grant or deny access based on a person’s fingerprints, face, palm and/or iris. Conversely, a small organization may use free two-factor authentication to limit access to programs or documents.

Regardless of the tactics, the end goal of access control is always the same; minimize the security risk of unauthorized access to physical and/or logistical systems.

Below are the main types of access control employed by security teams and professional organizations. 

    

Main types of access control

Mandatory access control

Mandatory access control is the most straightforward access control strategy. Someone must have the correct credentials, be it a key fob or password, to access a space or resource.  

Some people may have higher levels of access than others, meaning they can see more files or use more software programs than others in the same organization.

However, the setup is rigid and exceptions do not apply here. Government entities often use mandatory access control because of how well it maintains security and confidentiality.

    

Discretionary access control

A discretionary access control system offers more flexibility than a mandatory access control system, but also requires more effort from admins or security staff.

The “gatekeeper” has discretion to determine who can access resources or spaces, even if a superior created different rules.

The main advantage of this setup is the flexibility. It works best for small companies or facilities. However, since this type of access control requires a more active role in managing permissions, it also creates more possibilities for mistakes. The heightened level of involvement in managing access can create gaps or oversights if someone isn’t always paying attention.

    

Role-based access control

Role-based access control attributes permissions to an individual based on their responsibilities in relation to the residence, facility or company.  

This is generally considered the most common access control system because it allows for some flexibility, but doesn’t require intense involvement from staff or admins.

Several variables may be factored into access permissions, including resources, needs, environment, job, location, and more. Many company executives like this approach to security because it is customizable without being overly complex.  

For small and medium-sized businesses, role-based access control brings added advantages. It provides the desired level of control without burdening you with excessive administrative tasks. Managing access at the role level can significantly reduce the administrative burden, improving operational efficiency and freeing up time for more strategic initiatives.

    

Rule-based access control

Rule-based access control is similar to role-based access control, except it is used to uphold certain rules or policies. Rules are often based on conditions, such as time of day or location. So, residents of a condominium may be able to enter the front building entrance during the day, but would require credentials (a fob) to use that entrance after a certain time.

Similarly, certain documents may only be accessible on secure work computers. While this system does have more vulnerabilities than others, it is a low-effort solution. To make up for some weaknesses, it is often combined with role-based access control to better enforce procedures and policies. 

           

Attribute-based access control

This methodology manages access rights by evaluating a set of rules, policies and relationships using the attributes of users, resources, actions and environmental conditions. It considers several variables and can make the right decision based on complex sets of rules. It is highly customizable and very dynamic. 

However, implementing attribute-based access control requires thoughtful planning and consideration. Whoever is responsible for authorizing access must consider all of the variables and ensure the right people have access to the necessary spaces or resources.

    

Determining access based on real-time information

New security solutions will become available to companies and organizations as technology evolves. AI is expected to revolutionize many aspects of the security industry, including access control.  

Software and hardware systems will work together with databases to improve security while creating additional conveniences for authorized individuals.  Below are two good early examples of smarter access control capabilities.  

    

Identity-based access control

Identity-based access control takes real-time information to determine authorization based on the person’s visual or biometric identity.   

If their identity can’t be matched with a name that appears on an access control list, they won’t be granted access.

This tactic is effective because it can manage activity and access based on very specific individual needs. While costly, it would also be easy to operate identity-based access control across a variety of resources and/or spaces.

    

History-based access control

A history-based access control system analyzes past security actions to determine whether or not someone should have access to the resource they are requesting.

This requires real-time evaluation of the individual’s activity history, including what the person requested in the past, the time between requests, the content of requests, etc. For example, if someone is asking for access to a space that they’ve never entered before, their request may be flagged or declined.

    

Conclusion

Access control is a core security tactic. It can be used in a physical or virtual environment. Access control options range from inexpensive to “top of the line,” and can be as simple or complex as necessary.

Decision-makers who are tasked with security issues want more than an access control system that can open or lock doors. They must consider safety and compliance standards, and ensure guests or visitors still feel welcome.  

In order to meet all of these requirements, security needs should be assessed and reassessed every year. Use data to identify recurring security issues and potential problems. 

Ensure that security systems are being used properly by residents, employees, security staff, etc. Proper usage will minimize breaches and crimes.

Furthermore, make sure the security system is simple enough for users to master. It should not disrupt traffic or workflows.

Finally, make sure your security system will meet the demands of today, and tomorrow. Select a system that has the ability to grow and adapt as new challenges arise.